The World Of Dating How Do You Keep Things Casual

The world of dating it always seemed too complicated for me. The romantic mishaps were typical because I suffered from anxiety and chronic shyness. How do you keep things casual?. I wanted to break new ground once my marriage came to an end. In this moment of self-discovery, I traveled to Spain. The trip paid off, I felt rejuvenated after years of abuse and depression. I was in a different world; a lucid dream with the beautiful surroundings. During the trip I fell ridiculously in love with a Spaniard who had the sexiest accent I ve heard in my life. Unfortunately, the spell broke after two years of dating. The Spaniard and I made the decision of conscious uncoupling (it does sound better than saying we broke up). Traveling all excited to Spain to later return to the States in a sea of tears was too much for me. My desire of having serious relationship had evaporated and rightly so. He didn t want to move to the U.S., and me moving to the old world was out of the question. At the end, I was left with trust issues, low self-esteem, and deep scars of hurt and loneliness. It would take another failed relationship to finally understand the aftermath abuse brings. Experts suggest the primary influence is the father. How a woman was treated by her father and how he treated her mother, will have a massive impact. We often disconnect these memories from the conscious mind, a kind of amnesia. But although the mind erases some memories, our body hasn t. The ego mind associatesShow MoreRelatedOnline Dating And Its Impact On The World1889 Words   |  8 PagesWith the advancement of the Internet, we have seen many changes in the dating world. Hundreds of applications and websites have been created in order to connect people locally and internationally. Among these websites and applications are online dating tools. Online dating began in 1995 when Match.com was created, and has grown significantly since. Millennials (the generation born between the 1980’s a nd the mid 2000’s) were born into the digital revolution. Growing up, we were more likely to textRead MoreSex, Condoms And Other Methods Of Protection1553 Words   |  7 PagesHow do you have sex? This paper isn’t asking for specific positions but rather do you practice â€Å"safe sex† with condoms and other methods of protection. A leader in the consumer world of safe sex is Trojan brand condoms. A lot of people have heard of Trojan brand condoms. They are a leading brand in many sex related items such as condoms and vibrators. Research of my own doing suggest that sex related items isn’t all they’re selling in their advertisements. Trojan brand was founded by by Merle LelandRead MoreOnline Dating : Becoming An Art1611 Words   |  7 PagesEnter the online dating sites, with its anonymity, lists of potential dates, compatibility indicators, and virtually instant results. A guaranteed sellers market! As if this wasn t alluring enough, Online dat ing sites feature gushing testimony on their front pages along with lists of marriages for which they take full credit, thank you very much, and all of this good news is decorated with photos of happy, smiling couples. That s all very effective. There are now so many online dating sites that specializationRead More Hyper realism Essay examples1600 Words   |  7 Pagesviewers a particularly powerful depiction of the â€Å"real† world. Hyperreality is defined as fetishizing the sensory experience of the â€Å"real† so that reality is grossly over-simplified. When looking at real TV even though these programs are shot, selected, and edited by somebody in the long run they are still real. What happens when the depiction of the real world is shown through a game show? Is it still real? In trying to explain how media views dating lets take a look at one of televisions popular showRead MorePersonal Narrative : Why New World Technology1482 Words   |  6 Pages Oops, Why New World Technology What stopped you from dropping a dime in the coin slot at the corner telephone booth? Did you read the love letter from your girlfriend? The form of writing romantic letters has almost become a thing of the past. The reality, most of us have not visited the U.S. Post office since the price of a stamp was 45 ¢. The art of casual conversation, a cup of java or tea in the morning has taken a new direction. We are left with little in common between coworkersRead MorePersonal Narrative : Why New World Technology1491 Words   |  6 PagesOops, Why New world Technology What stopped you from dropping a dime in the coin slot at the corner telephone booth? Did you read the love letter from your girlfriend? The form of writing romantic letters has almost become a thing of the past. The reality, most of us have not visited the U.S. Post office since the price of a stamp was 45 ¢. The art of casual conversation, a cup of java or tea in the morning has taken a new direction. We are left with little in common between coworkers, friendsRead MoreDoes Technology Make Us More Alone?1211 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends. Snapchat, 329 friends. What do these numbers mean? Popularity? Beauty? Intelligence? These numbers mean nothing. All these ‘followers’ and ‘friends’ I have really aren’t my friends, they are just people I met once or twice, someone I went to school with, or someone I don’t even know. So why do we sit on social media and scroll for hours at a time? Is it because were bored? Alone? I’m not sayi ng that technology is evil, it has made amazing advances, and can keep us in contact with people or helpRead MoreSocial Psycology 360 - Final Exam Essay3364 Words   |  14 PagesQuestions 1. What are minimal groups? How does group membership lead to prejudice and discrimination? The minimal group is a bond of commonality, positive or negative, where relationships, of even an arbitrary or inconsequential nature, within the group can influence attitudes and subsequent behaviors. Membership in such groups often produces the strongest forms of prejudice and discrimination. At a base level college rivalries serve as good examples of how groups can become biased toward theRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Video Games On Children1394 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome a central part of our daily lives. Individuals use the media for many different reasons and daily. Whether it be for dating, video games, or even politics, people are still impacted by new media in numerous ways. Being that the new media are digital, it’s very easy for people to stay connected with society through their smart phones. You can access pretty much whatever you want right from the palm of your hand in a matter of seconds. With all the new media, there can be some positive and someRead MoreDefining Characteristics Of Marriage : It Is More Than Baking A Cake Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesThe Defining Characteristics of Marriage: It Is More Than Baking A Cake In a world consumed by the expression of everyone’s opinion and ideas, some of the simplest and meaningful concepts can be easily lost in translation. We live in a time that is obsessed with independence and the ability to alter a perspective to fit our needs. Even the idea of marriage has been manipulated and adapted to fit the needs of anyone and everyone. There are a variety of acceptable unions; man and woman, man and man

Racism Is The Burden Of The Indigenous People Of Australia

Racism is a global issue that is perpetuated by our ever-globalizing environment. With increased communication technologies cultures from continents that are oceans apart are now able to meet (Hogan 2012). More specifically within Australia racism has been the burden of the Indigenous people of Australia, since the countries discovered by the British. Indigenous Australians have been subject to policies and laws sort to convert them to integrate into the newly pronounced white country (Finlayson, J Martin, D 2012). Cummings, Fuller and Howard have researched how institutionalized racism has impacted indigenous Australians at a national level. Many inquiries have found status as a cultural and linguistic minority indigenous Australians are discriminated against by government sectors. The inability of indigenous Australians to gain access to mainstream government services such as healthcare, education, and assistance in gaining employment is seen to be detrimental to their livelihood p.561 As referenced by Cummings, Fuller and Howard the Commonwealth Grants Commission acknowledged in 2001 that: â€Å"If mainstream programmes are to be accessed more equitably by indigenous people, the existing barriers to access must be overcome. These barriers confront indigenous people in all regions†¦ In more remote regions, these barriers are exacerbated by the lack of services and difficulties caused by physical access† (Cummings, Fuller and Howard 2007, p.561). The inability to accessShow MoreRelatedDistribution of Depression Amongst Young Australians Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagescan even lead to suicide. It is estimated that one in six Australians will experience depression in their lifetime (Beyond Blue, 2014). The burden of disease gives an indication of of the loss of health and well being of Australians due to each disease (ABS, 2010). Depression and anxiety is the leading cause of burden among females, accounting for 10% of burden while it is the third leading cause for men, accounting for 4.8% (AIHW, 2003) (This was the most recent information found). Depression canRead MoreThe Australian Dream By Bruce Dawe1388 Words   |  6 PagesTruth is subjective such that one’s perception of truth is used to allow people to come to the realisation of reality. This is a key representation throughout the comparative texts of Stan Grant’s ‘The Australian Dream’ and Bruce Dawe’s poem of ‘Homecoming†™. In which both successfully communicates that the truth of experienced by individuals are covered by lies, and that it will essentially be revealed. However, it is evident that ‘Homecoming’ is a more effective representation compared to ‘The AustralianRead MoreMental Health : Mental Illness1604 Words   |  7 Pageswell-being. Associated diseases have become increasingly prevalent in Australia over the past decade, with a recent advertisement by the ABC highlighting that 50% of Australians will experience a mental illness. Mental illness is responsible for the third largest burden of disease in Australia, making it a priority. †¢ Morbidity refers to the rates of illness*. Mental illness encompasses many diseases which are prevalent in Australia. The recent 2007 National Survey of Mental health highlighted anxietyRead MoreMental Health : Mental Illness1604 Words   |  7 Pageswell-being. Associated diseases have become increasingly prevalent in Australia over the past decade, with a recent advertisement by the ABC highlighting that 50% of Australians will experience a mental illness. Mental illness is responsible for the third largest burden of disease in Australia, making it a priority. †¢ Morbidity refers to the rates of illness. Mental illness encompasses many diseases which are prevalent in Australia. The recent 2007 National Survey of Mental health highlighted anxietyRead MorePrior To European Invasion And Settlement, Aboriginal Australians1590 Words   |  7 Pagestheir country, relationships and ecosystems. Anderson et al (2006) state that ‘Precontact health care systems’ were focused upon the inter-relationships of land, people, the living and non-living entities and creator beings. If the land was not cared for, it got sick, and so would all other beings related to the land, including the people (Anderson et al, 2006). Tenure of management was dictated by law, passed down through the Dreaming and Ancestors, and was practiced to ensure balance and to maintainRead MoreThe Long Journey Undertaken By Indigenous Australians1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe long journey undertaken by indigenous Australians in their search for equality, respect and legal ownership of what is rightfully theirs, has been a long, bloody battle spanning the last 200 years and unfortunately re mains largely unresolved. The Close the Gap Campaign is one example of positive attempts to strengthen the indigenous / white relationship as it offers numerous support systems for the indigenous, from the government. Another example of such positive steps is seen in 2008, when theRead MoreHow Is It Becoming An Australian Citizen?1591 Words   |  7 Pagesit is possible to become an Australian citizen: 1. By birth: In Australia people automatically become an Australian citizen if they are born here and one or both of their parents is an Australian citizen or permanent resident of Australia. 2. By descent: If you are the child of an Australian citizen but you are born overseas you will generally be granted Australian citizenship. There are a number of rules that might apply to people in this category. These are indicated in the Australian CitizenshipRead MoreThe Impact Of Australian Colonization On Australian Society1709 Words   |  7 PagesSince British arrival, Aboriginal people have experienced marginalisation and extreme disadvantage within Australian society. Urban-based Aboriginal people, even more than those living in remote communities, have been subject to the impact of racism and discrimination on self-identity. Nonetheless, many urban-based Aboriginal people proudly identify with their Aboriginality, asserting their identity. In this case study, I will examine the identity of Aboriginal Australian’s, comparing this constructionRead MoreThe Health Between Indigenous And Non Indigenous Australians1951 Words   |  8 Pagesmaintaining optimum health (De partment of Health and Human Services 2015). In Australia, the health inequality between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians is noted by the World Health Organization (WHO) to have the largest disparity in the world (Markwick et al. 2014). Statistically, the life expectancy for indigenous Australians who are born in 2010-2012 is estimated to be 10.6 years lower when compared to non-indigenous Australians (Markwick et al. 2014). Social determinants such as employmentRead MoreDispersed Throughout Australia’S Short History There Are1761 Words   |  8 PagesAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. These policies began with Colonisation in 1788 and are ongoing today within the Indigenous Advancement Strategies. Throughout the duration of this essay the impact that two of the ten policies, Colonisation (1788- 1880) and Assimilation (1950-1960) had, will be discussed. Analysis of how these policies affected First Peoples contemporary health and the consequences the poli cies have on the relationships between First Peoples and health practitioners will be

Introduction to International Relations Free Essays

In the context of the idea of â€Å"Nationalism†, what are the differences between the Scottish National Party and the British National Party? BODY OF WORK Being today a central issue of the modern world, Nationalism, a term from nasci which means â€Å"to be born†, has most of the time been considered as a 19th century phenomenon, connected to the development and creation of nation-states .While seen by a large number of critics as outdated in other word old, not just because it is inherently expansionist but also destructive, others in meantime see it as a strength to re-enforce order and solve conflict. Thus, the issue of nationalism will therefore depend on a system every country adopts. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to International Relations or any similar topic only for you Order Now If we take the United Kingdom(UK),a constitutional monarchy and unitary states which is composed of four(4) countries :England(London),Northern Ireland(Belfast),Wales(Cardiff) and Scotland(Edinburgh) has been governed by a Parliamentary system.However,it is argued that nationalism within the UK is both reactionary and progressive . The simply reason of this statement is that in different parts of UK,the notion of nationalism has components of both looking towards the future inclusively and progressively but ,also looking to their past regressively thus hoping to bring back their historical period.Britain and Scotland, being among these parts of UK, have for a centuries had political parties sometimes based on similar ideas but most of the time different from each others. The British nationalism referring to the nationalist ideas and policies’ application to the United Kingdom tends to promote the UK as a goal for national identity, social movements, comprises political and se ntiment inspired by the love of British language, culture , history and ot forgotten the pride of being British. Supported ,politically from the Euro scepticism of the conservative United Kingdom Independence Party and far-right British national party to the centre-right conservative Party and the left-centrist Liberal Democrats, British nationalism has had a progressive cause characterised by â€Å"a powerful but ambivalent force in British politics†.From this British nationalism, a party called the British national party will be one of our aim studies in this topic. As for Scotland, Nationalism being a political ideology and created in 1921 as primarily body based in London and largely influenced by Sinn Fein ,has most of the time supported greater autonomy for Scotland as part of the United Kingdom, but also the creation of a sovereign state.In which case Scottish nationalism can be referred to three (3) main elements: -The Scottish Independence with the advocacy of Scotland becoming a sovereign state -The Scottish national party with the main political party that support Scottish Independence. -The Scottish home rule, an organisation knew before the Devolved Scottish Parliament was created in 1999 that had for purpose to give Scotland the autonomy within the British Empire. From this nationalism , derived a national party called the Scottish national party.It is therefore in the process Nationalism that, our aim target will be to identify the differences between the two major national parties in the United Kingdom known as the British Nationa l Party (BNP) and the Scottish National To begin with, we should start by saying that the Scottish National Party (SNP), a civic party with strong democratic leanings and non-nationalist was first created in (1934) having as aim to promote justice, caring and enterprising community by making Scottish potential as an independent nation in the mainstream of modern Europe.Wishing to be completely independent from Britain, the Scottish national party has always wanted to be a separate state making its own decisions not just in Europe but throughout the world, this is why Scottish political parties such as, the SNP encourage progressive attitudes that are principally based on two main(2) things:the long term desire to become but also the ambition to be entirely inclusive with global organisation such as Europe . While the British National Party, reated in (1982) by a group of the National Front with John Tyndall, is a far-right, fascist political party combined with a white supremacy org anisation that stands for anti-non british,because it believes that there are significant differences between races, one of the party’s main objectives is to restore by legal methods white ethnicity, which existed prior to 1948 in a way that anything that does not fit their narrow stereotype is meant to be kept away from the party. Adding to this, it has to be said that the British national party adoring men like Adolf Hitler of German Nazi is almost claimed to be a Nazi political party as well. Another reason that makes the difference between the two parties is that, the Scottish national party has always wanted an open door to all races and nationalities in the sense that even non-Scottish people have been accepted to be members of the party without forgetting the fact that this was the first party to have a Muslim MSP as member.After independence, anyone living in Scotland could claim a Scottish citizenship under the SNP constitution with an open door policy on immigration compared to Britain ,where immigration still a dominant issue thus blaming immigrants for any possible problem . It is even believed that the British national party has for wish to put the white British- born before immigrants and non- british,stopping immigration and repatriate people of different races, presently living in the UK to the respective countries .In a speech given by Nick Griffin ,the actual leader of the British national party(BNP),he declared that â€Å"it is probably now too late to anticipate a return to the status quo ante 1948 â€Å" therefore suggested a new model of â€Å"milti-culturalism†. This model was meant to lead by a policy of cultural and biological separation ,not by principles of integration, this could allow people to enjoy each other’s culture and tradition but each staying on their own in order to avoid â€Å"diversity† which could be but a short –lived stepping stone to nothingness.An expected outcome of the method as Tyndall said, was going to be in the image of a south-African apartheid-style system with like he said â€Å"separate communities of people –Indian ,Pakistani, Bangladeshi(Hindu and Muslim),African and Afro-Caribbean and heaven knows what else-living side by side in Britain in separate enclaves†. This is to show that although immigrations issues were trying to be solved there were nevertheless still based on strict principles that had to be followed. Principles that were completely different from the one the Scottish national party made.These days, the Scottish national party does not have a lot to deal with national parties in eastern and central Europe particularly because most of them are rather right wing ,among them men like, Michal Kaminski of the polish law and justice party. Also, in the European parliament for Freedom and fatherland party, it will be noticed that men like David Cameron will definitely be comfortable to sit with Latvia whereas it would be hard if not never for the Scottish party to Roberts Zile from the FFF to the next Bannockburn shindig.This is to prove that racism is not a big concern in Scottish nationalism because there is no race problem in Scotland. Moreover, there are also differences regarding the concern of the British and Scottish public a s a whole. While Scotland is much more concerned about the unemployment as a big problem to face, Britain on its side is more worried about the economic field which is very frequent nowadays. In the other hand, crime, law and order are very serious matters in Britain than in Scotland where it is more likely to be concerned about the education. Furthermore ,another difference between the British national party and the Scottish one is that, the Scottish national party, being left wing is very focused on what people living in Scotland will be in the future regardless what the religion or skin colour are, while the British national, being right wing wants to go back to their old values.In terms of Military issue, providing that it is the government in Westminster that is in charge to send soldiers at war, Scotland plays a very small part in sending soldiers for defence ,war and terrorism compared to Britain that is more concerned about this issue. To conclude with this topic, it shall be said that although, these two are different parties in different countries, the differences between them is all about Racism, Immigrations and Political issues.In terms of racism, the British national party states that their constitution has for purpose, the preservation of the ethnic and national typical character of the British people themselves . David Blackburn writes for the spectator coffee house that â€Å"the BNP is no longer a racist party, but a party of racists† in respond to the news that the British national party membership look to vote in favour of allowing the non-whites and non-British to join the party while the Scottish national party has always wanted an open door to all races and nationalities no matter colour, gender and creed there are.In terms of political issues, Scotland is a minority within the UK (United Kingdom) which means the decision-making process stays in the goal of the majority included Britain . Therefore; policies that suit Scotland are often not taken into consideration. In terms of immigrations issues, differences have also been seen above with the British national party wanting to repatriate all immigrants or sometimes create strict principles that have to be followed by all immigrants. Whereas, the Scottish national party has and still fighting against immigration, thus giving citizenship to those claiming for it.So basically, these are some of the differences in brief between the British national party and the Scottish national party, although there could others points according to different points of viReferences and Bibliography David B. , Nick G. ,†Changing course or changing Clothes? †Reflection on the ideological evolution of the British national party 1999-2006 , pp81 Iain M. , gardian. co. uk, Monday 8 June 2009 14. 00 BST IN Last night was the SNP’s night Arthur A. ,†Nationalism, Devolution and the Challenge to the United Kingdom How to cite Introduction to International Relations, Papers

Health and Socio-Political Issues in Aged Care - Free Samples

Question: What Is The Deep Meaning Of Palliative Approach? Answer: Introduction This paper is supposed to provide a deep insight regarding the palliative approach and its associated concerns. In relation to that, there has been the discussion regarding the implementation of the approach to treating the older people living in residential aged care. Thus it can be said that the paper engrosses the details of the policies as well as the advanced care directives along with the funding models. Generally, when the lifestyle of the old aged care people is involved there is the sudden end of life through many kinds of serious progressive illnesses such as cancer, respiratory disorders, heart disorders and much more. So it can be said that the changing illness trajectories basically try to interfere with the lifestyle of the old aged people within their activities until death. On the other hand Best Chenault said that, there have been many cases where there are the options by which the old aged people provide opportunity in accumulating the chronic diseases and make them die slowly (Best Chenault, 2014). The specification of the chronic illness is it works quite longer that lasts in between diagnosis and death. Thus in that condition, the older aged people experience pain, discomfort as well as various other related symptoms. So in that condition, those people require psychosocial as well as spiritual needs which will provide them peace in the life-threatening illness. For that reason there occurred the emergence of palliative approach or the end-of-life care approach to help the chronic disease patients to address their needs both psychological and mental as well as manage the symptoms in the last months of their life. The word palliative approach is very meaningfully used in the diagnosis of the patients suffering from chronic illness. In that case, the approach basically provides the diagnosis process in which it will get clear that whether the disease condition is gradual or it can be reversible (Binde, 2014). Various researches that have been carried out in the history have provided the knowledge that the people those act as the primary care providers should be well aware of the patients physical, social and the psychological challenges as per the nature of the illness. Thus the proper definition which will provide the meaning of Palliative Approach is that the approach is not at all confined to the diagnosis alone. In that case, the palliative approach is the part that is aimed towards the improvisation of the quality of life of the individuals who has been suffering from this illness from a long term (Buttigieg, et al., 2015). It will also help in reducing their sufferings by the help of early identification, assessment as well as the treatment of pain, social, cultural, spiritual and psychological needs. More specifically this illness is the kind that brings the end of life of the patient within a predictable future (Cooke, et al., 2013). Principles associated to the Palliative Approach A good health in terms of the old aged people with respect to understanding the perceptions regarding life allows the end-of-life care in an effective manner. Thus this process can be continued as well as planned in an effective manner. It works with open communication, control of the symptoms and the honest prognostics. As per Coussens, Mason Oni, the residential care, therefore, provided with the staff members who are quite trained as per the specialist advice and control. As a result, they become able to treat the common illness of the patients that arise in the residential care (Coussens, Mason Oni, 2017). The researchers basically found these common systems that can be treated by these doctors are nausea, breathlessness, anorexia, constipation, depression, constipation, cough, anxiety, and insomnia (Ferreira-Neto Henriques, 2016). In addition to that, the residential care should be that much well equipped so that it will provide honest prognostication. Another vital thing which will help in treating the patient quite well is the open communication that will help in promoting the symptom control and all other discussions regarding the decision of ongoing care. Thus it can be considered as the condition where there should be the provision of the quality of the life to such people who are approaching the end of life. Moreover, the proper quality of life that has been provided by the residential care starts from a proper diagnosis. Thus the palliative approach to the end-of-life care is supposed to depend upon few principles. These principles will form the guidelines which will help in providing the patient the proper treatment as per their condition. These principles are the The presence of the effective guidelines which will reflect the autonomy, respect, comfort as well as dignity within the workplace. The honouring of the cultural as well as the spiritual wishes within the residential care. Similarly, the cultural differences are supposed to be respected as well as treated in a sensitive process. It will definitely have some profound effect upon the suffering of the patients irrespective of the cultural boundaries. The patients within the residential care will be able to get the proper access for the people that they wish to be present near them. The place should be filled with the open discussion regarding the health conditions as well as the treatment related to the health condition of the individual. This will make them feel the honesty and this will make them satisfied. The support by the care providers should be well described by the effective management of the pain as well as many other distressing symptoms. The most important principle is the part of the treatment that should be provided to the patient as per his or her health condition should be considered after going through evidence-based treatment options. It is said to be the choice of site of care. In this context, it can be said that the decision of the patient as well as the family should take the decision collaboratively regarding the site of care. The patients should be provided with care excellence that includes the best possible care. The patients need a consistent medical care that goes with an overall plan which should be established as well as reviewed as per each patient. It will further reduce the crisis chances or any kind of medical emergencies which can frighten the patients as well as the relatives. The coordinated care, as well as the continuity of care, is quite needed in the residential care to treat the patients suffering from the chronic diseases. Thus the main purpose behind the aim of providing the care as well as the support will result in the care providers to get the patients to lead a affirm life along with respect and normal process. In that context, it can be considered that this aspect is the behavioural aspect that is applied to the patients along with the conjunction with many other therapies that are intended for the provision of prolonged life to the patients (Gazibara, et al., 2016). More specifically the researchers and many authors have provided the information from their research that this approach is not intended to provide any kind of service to postpone death. Rather this approach is supposed to provide the services for the enhancement of the quality of life of the patients during the course of their illness. In return, the life of the patients will get filled with positivity. Improved end-of-life care as per the Ethical and Legal Aspects The palliative approach is supposed to provide the supplement regarding the skills about those patients who usually end their lives due to stress. Thus the approach includes the management of the conditions psychologically through communication. This can be fulfilled by going through the integrated care pathways. By that manner, the patient can feel the death seems to be inevitable but not painful or uncomfortable rather the patient can be able to die with a spiritual support. On the other hand, the presence of the advance directives becomes more and more common that helps the care provider to take necessary as well as the essential information regarding the patients interest to provide any kind of consent regarding the patient (Hunt, 2016). These directives are such formulated that it will provide the precise clinical condition regarding the health of the patient in advance. In that case, the patient can be provided with the advance care planning. From the ethical ground, the patient has the right to choose his or her health advocate who will be able to provide health assistance regarding the decisions about the treatment processes. At the same time the patient does not have any kind of legal rights to die rather they have the rights to decide about the treatment procedure. Again while viewing ethically the palliative approach to the end-of-life care is supposed to address the broad range of issues along with the specific amount of care basing upon their physical, emotional, spiritual and practical level. Thus in that context, Kapoor Choudhary said that the provided literature also indicates that the palliative care prove itself quite beneficial to benefit as well as the well-being of the patients condition. And more specifically the emergence of the palliative approach is supposed to bring improvisation of quality in patients life (Kapoor Choudhary, 2014). A palliative approach to the end of life care affecting the residential care that has implications on the funding of residential care: The palliative care development funding is the initial attempt in creating a set of units which are appropriate for the use across all the palliative residential care right from children to adults (Kelly, et al., 2014). The funding has been helpful by collecting the data through the Palliative Care Funding Pilot which aims at describing the differences in the complications of the palliative care requirements of an individual and the related costs regarding the provision of care. The fundings collected for the cost of care and the case mix for every phase of every kind of illness. The palliative care funding has been developed by the recognition of the variables regarding the case mix and the attributes if the patients that are related to the variations of the direct costs regarding the palliative approach to end life care. As per Kumar, the funding in the palliative approach can be regarded as the driver of the costs which are used for the grouping of data in such a manner that the stages of care relate to within every group which has similar direct cost. These groupings are further classified and refined to form the assistance which is determined by the variables which are clinically meaningful and measurable (Kumar, 2013). Although the funding is considered which also help in the differentiation and categorization of the need for the palliative care in large varieties of health organizations that facilitate palliative care and a broad range of settings which deliver the palliative care. The funding is in demand during the treatments of eth patients suffering from acute diseases, hospice inpatient and during the encapsulation of wide range of services for the non-patients. In order to provide facilities for the development of a unit of minimum care palliative care for the variable set used for funding s which is kept as consistent across the various providers. For example, the phase of eth sickness or illness has been a driver of costs in all varieties of providers of palliative care. In the settings of acute diseases, where several diagnoses are required, especially for the people below the age group of 75, funding is essential for the treatment in order to provide them with better life till death. According to Lipi, the funding also varies for the community settings and the hospice inpatients along with the status of eth functions which are grouped into low, medium and high which are also related to the variations in the costs that are directed. The phase of the illness is also related to the direct costs associated with the physical severity that is categorized into low, medium and high (Lipina, 2014). The diagnosis of the acute diseases has a close association with the variation of the costs which leads to the high requirement for the funding. Palliative care has various barriers in regards to the acute care, thus, has an approach that is based on the processes that are not appropriate. It is more likely that certain pathway funding that has been accepted in clusters by the palliative healthcare residential units. The funding that is presented to the palliative healthcare residential units is based on the requirements and needs of the patients suffering from the acute diseases instead of the procedure and process that are performed. Funding to the residential palliative care nursing within the residential care units for the aged has been parallel with the financial development that is addressing the inequalities of the services that are related to the dying in the residential aged care. As per Mitchell MacLeod, the funding related to the palliative approach provides an opportunity to recognize, adopt and implement the standards and guidelines through various individual residents of funding that are identified by the requirements of health care aspects. The funding that is provided is used in getting more number of beds to the residents (Mitchell MacLeod, 2014). The allocation of funding from the general revenue consolidation for the delivery of service is evident. In the context of palliative approach, the funding is made up of the identified units of care that are consistently used as payment between the providers and eth commissioners (Ng, 2015). The funding can be made in various forms such ads they can be made on the basis of a particular procedure that is taken place, the period of time taken over which a patient needs to be treated for an illness or the test of the diagnostics being carried out. The resources that are used by the equipment, consumables, staff and the location such as drugs and dressings are similar which can be denoted within the funding that will differ from different other methods of financing. The funding will be helpful in getting the materials that are required for the treatment of the patients throughout their treatment in the residential care units till their death. Critical reflection on the approaches and concepts: Through the research on eth palliative approach, we could find that there is greater engagement and autonomy in the making if the decisions. As per Rhli, et al, a palliative approach provides the individuals and the families the opportunities and information to be engaged in the care in the decision making in a better way through the trajectory of illness. The approach of palliative care of which the open conversations are a part can assist the people in addressing the spiritual or emotional concerns (Rhli, et al., 2015). These aspects can also assist the people in advance planning of care along with the setting of a goal, therefore, as the progress of the illness occurs, the families along with the individuals are able to make a decision that provides reflection on their personal goals and desires. Palliative approaches can include effective management that would concentrate on the care of eth patients who are suffering from advanced illness or crucial symptoms that are a burden by giving emphasis on eth appropriate goal setting that is meticulous for the control and assessment (Shier Graham, 2015). It can also be stated that the goals for the care change with changing times. It is also evident from the that there is no complete cure for the life-threatening diseases that are progressive such as severe chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, congestive failure of heart, and the conditions of progressive neurological disease such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, dementia and Parkinson's disease in which the individuals often opt for life-prolonging therapies which depend on their care goals that can alter the progress of the illness. The main goal of the individual is basically used to prolong the life which is only possible in the initial stage of the trajectory of the disease. Through the passage of time, maintaining the functions like the cognitive or the mobility ability may become very significant which would facilitate the individual to choose the treatments that will assist in prolonging the life; however, it will not be in the capability to operate (Sderberg, Sthl Emilsson, 2015). The comfort becomes the main goals of a palliative acre as the condition of the patients deteriorates and the individual may opt for rejecting the treatments which will lead to pain or would relate she or he has to be hospitalized. When the families and persons gain access to the approach of palliative care throughout their sickness, they have the support and information to have effective decision making which is appropriate for them. This process of making decisions provides a reflection on the personal objectives and goals. Enhanced quality of life and greater longevity are the resultant of the strong and developed evidence which is an approach to palliative care when associated with treatment which would result in the better outcomes for the individuals and their families along with the caregivers. These would also include improvement in the satisfaction of the patients, quality of life and improvement in the symptoms along with posing fewer burdens on the caregiver (Sthl, Costa-Black Loisel, 2017). Thus, more appropriate association to the application of the hospice and reduced use of intensive acre that would be futile is relevant. It could be further recognized that the capacity of practitioners who are at the primary stage can act as a barrier to the adoption of palliative care approach. As per Turner, the palliative care can be given best by the practitioners who are experienced and are highly trained (Turner, 2014). Therefore, a key challenge in the palliative care sector would be to hire and train the primary care practitioners. Moreover, the reluctance of the patients to be receiving the care leads to rejection or resistance to the approach of palliative care. However, the individuals still need to obtain the palliative services when they are mentally prepared and are ready to confront the issues that are associated with the end of life. In certain cases, the disagreements of the families of eth patients act as challenges in the palliative approach. The family members may happen to disagree with the plan of care for a patient or even refuse the preference of an individual (Villar, et al., 2016). Conclusion: The report deals with various aspects of a palliative approach in residential aged care at international and national level. The description of palliative approach and end of life care is described in brief in the assignment. The directive of advanced care and the significance of funding in palliative approach are discussed in the report. The approaches and the concepts associated with the palliative approach in the residential care have been reflected. References Best, L.E. and Chenault, J., 2014. Racial classifications, biomarkers, and the challenges of health disparities research in the African diaspora. Binde, P., 2014. Gambling in Sweden: the cultural and socio?political context.Addiction,109(2), pp.193-198. Buttigieg, S.C., Rathert, C., DAunno, T.A. and Savage, G.T., 2015. International research in health care management: its need in the 21st century, methodological challenges, ethical issues, pitfalls, and practicalities. InInternational Best Practices in Health Care Management (pp. 3-22). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Cooke, L.P., Erola, J., Evertsson, M., Ghler, M., Hrknen, J., Hewitt, B., Jalovaara, M., Kan, M.Y., Lyngstad, T.H., Mencarini, L. and Mignot, J.F., 2013. Labor and love: Wives' employment and divorce risk in its socio-political context.Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State Society,20(4), pp.482-509. Coussens, A.K., Mason, P.H. and Oni, T., 2017. Socio-political prescriptions for latent tuberculosis infection are required to prevent reactivation of tuberculosis.International Journal of Infectious Diseases,58, pp.115-116. Ferreira-Neto, J.L. and Henriques, M.A., 2016. Psychologists in public health: Historical aspects and current challenges.Journal of health psychology,21(3), pp.281-290. Gazibara, T., Kurtagic, I., Kisic-Tepavcevic, D., Nurkovic, S., Kovacevic, N., Gazibara, T. and Pekmezovic, T., 2016. Computer and online health information literacy among Belgrade citizens aged 6689 years.Health promotion international,31(2), pp.335-343. Hunt, S., 2016. An Introduction to the Health of Two-spirit People: Historical, Contemporary and Emergent Issues. Kapoor, A.K. and Choudhary, V., 2014. SOCIO-ECONOMIC, HEALTH AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ELDERLY: ROLE OF ECOLOGICAL DYNAMICS.Man and India: Found in 1921 by Sarat Chandra Roy; Special Issue on Health Ecology, An International Journal of Anthropology, pp.573-583. Kelly, A., Devitt, C., O'Keeffe, D. and Donovan, A.M., 2014. Challenges in Implementing Inclusive Education in Ireland: Principal's Views of the Reasons Students Aged 12+ Are Seeking Enrollment to Special Schools.Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities,11(1), pp.68-81. Kumar, J.R., 2013. Role of public health systems in the present health scenario: key challenges. Lipina, S.A., 2014. Green economy and green technologies in Russia: opportunities and prospects: social medicine in the regions that have experienced poor socio-political situation and ways to resolve some of these difficulties. . : ? , (3). Mitchell, T. and MacLeod, T., 2014. Aboriginal social policy: A critical community mental health issue.Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health,33(1), pp.109-122. Ng, I.Y., 2015. Welfare Attitudes of SingaporeansAmbiguity in Shifting Socio?political Dynamics.Social Policy Administration,49(7), pp.946-965. Rhli, E., Sachs, S., Schmitt, R. and Schneider, T., 2015. Innovation in multistakeholder settings: The case of a wicked issue in health care.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-17. Shier, M.L. and Graham, J.R., 2015. Subjective well-being, social work, and the environment: The impact of the socio-political context of practice on social worker happiness.Journal of Social work,15(1), pp.3-23. Sderberg, M., Sthl, A. and Emilsson, U.M., 2015. Stratified structural and epistemic aspects of the care manager's discretiona theoretical approach to social work related to older people's potential relocation to a residential home.European Journal of Social Work,18(3), pp.325-339. Sthl, C., Costa-Black, K. and Loisel, P., 2017. Applying theories to better understand socio-political challenges in implementing evidence-based work disability prevention strategies.Disability and rehabilitation, pp.1-11. Turner, P.K., 2014. The emerging role of alternative midwifery within the wider socio-political sphere.Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Nursing and Midwifery: Towards a Critical Social Science, p.33. Villar, F., Serrat, R., Celdrn, M. and Fab, J., 2016. Attitudes Toward Masturbation Among Residents of Spanish Residential Aged Care Facilities.Sexuality Research and Social Policy,13(2), pp.182-191.

Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation free essay sample

The examples of bias are: The working man and the slum child are a gender bias. Kane is only pointing out that men are the only ones working and that all the children are slum. Kane makes a statement about â€Å"the decent, ordinary citizens know that I’ll do everything in my power to protect the underprivileged, the underpaid, and the underfed. † I feel this could be a begging the question fallacy; it is as if he is saying that the underprivileged, the underpaid, and the underfed are not the decent, ordinary citizen he is talking about. Kane goes and does an ad hominen fallacy when he starts attacking Boss Jim W. Gettys by calling him dishonest and a downright villainy. I think the campaigner used a political bias when he said â€Å"there is only one man who can rid the politics of this state of the evil domination of Boss Jim Gettys. We will write a custom essay sample on Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This may also be an ad hominen fallacy. The campaigner also used a hyperbole rhetorical device, he exaggerated about Kane being the next Governor of the state, and there is no proof that Kane is or will be the next Governor. When Kane uses these two sentences: â€Å"Now, however, I have something more than a hope†. And Jim Gettys—Jim Gettys has something less than a chance†. Is a metaphor rhetorical device that is used to compare two different things in the same sentence. Kane the speaker I do not feel he made any real arguments. He stated he will do everything in his power to protect the underprivileged, the underpaid, and the underfed. He never actually states what he is going to do. Kane never says why he is the best person to be Governor. There are no examples or plans of what he will do; good for the state as Governor. How would people be able to vote for him not knowing his plan or ideas for the state? I do not feel there were any counterarguments. Kane’s only argument was to get Boss Jim W. Gettys out from being Governor, he did not give any real reasons why just called Gettys names. Kane made a promise to have Gettys indicted, prosecuted, and convicted. However, I am left with one question; Why, What did Gettys do to need to be sent to prison? I like the way Kane spoke on the audio. He came across strong and spoke well. I do not feel that the speaker’s arguments were effective because he did not explain to his audience how or why he was the best candidate for Governor. Kane did not give any proof or examples of why Gettys was not a good candidate for Governor. Kane did not make any kind of speech on what he will do if elected Governor Such as fix our roads, make our schools safer for our children, lower taxes. He might as well of had a sign made that said if elected I will sit in my office and do nothing. I do not know about other people, but I would not be able to vote for someone who did not explain to me how he or she could help me and my state.

Life of Georg Simon Ohm

Life of Georg Simon Ohm Georg Simon OhmAt the time Georg Simon Ohm was born not much was known about electricity, he was out to change this. Georg grew up in Bavaria which is why most information about Georg is in German. There is even a College named after him: Georg-Simon-Ohm Fachhochschule Nuernberg. To much dismay not a whole lot has been written about him. Usually you will find a paragraph of the summary of his life. I hope to change this flaw in the history books by telling you as much as I could find on his life.When Georg was growing up his dad, owner of a prosperous locksmith business, wanted young Georg to study mathematics before joining the family business. Georg attended a Gymnasium, like a college, in Erlangen, Bavaria (now Germany) . During his time at this Gymnasium a professor noticed how he excelled in math. This professor's name was Karl Christian von Langsdorf, Georg owes this man much credit from his recommendations to others.ä ¸ ­Ã¦â€"‡: Ã¥ ¾ ·Ã¥Å"‹ç‰ ©Ã§ â€ Ã¥ ­ ¸Ã¥ ® ¶Ã¯ ¼Å' æ ­ Ã¥ §â€ After he graduated he took a job teaching mathematics at Erlangen University in 1805. He spent the next years looking for a better teaching position. He found what he was looking for in 1817 when a job was made available to him at Cologne Gymnasium. He now looked to research electrical current. In 1827 he published Die galvanishce Kette, mathematisch bearbeit (The Galvanic Circuit, Mathematically Treated). This was a mathematical description of conduction in circuits modeled after Fourier's study of heat conduction. This is also known as Ohm's Law.Ohm's Law, which is Georg's greatest accomplishment, started as an experiment. The experiment's purpose was to find the relationship between current and the length of the wire carrying it. Ohm's results proved that as the wire increased the current decreased.Ohm came up with a formula...

A Restaurants Management of Its Customers Assignment

A Restaurants Management of Its Customers - Assignment Example The first thing I noticed amongst the waiters is that they never said ‘no’ to the customer. In one incident, a customer asked whether the appetizer was sweet; however, the waiter went ahead to give the description of the ingredients that the restaurant’s chefs used to prepare the appetizer. In this case, the waiter did not give a straight answer to the customer, which gave the customer the choice to make an informed decision so as not to complain once they took what they ordered. Once the waiter brought the appetizer, the customer described the appetizer as spicy, which made me understand the reason why the waiter did not give a definite answer. Throughout my visit, waiters continued informing the customers about their inquiries, and I never heard the words ‘no’ and ‘I do not know’ uttered at any one time. Â  The location of the restaurant is close to a tavern that did not prepare any food. As such, patrons from the tavern would come to the restaurant in a drunken stupor after imbibing in alcohol. With some of the clients drunk, the restaurant’s staff required to have impeccable skills to handle such clients. Based on my observation, the waiters handled the drunken clients excellently without denying services to any of the drunken customers. In addition, none of the waiters, regardless of their gender, shied from approaching a client despite the client being sober or drunk. In a way, this handling of the customers was essential to ensure that the restaurant was not subjected to any unnecessary suits resulting from denying services to any customer. It is obvious that the restaurant has devised ways to handle their customers in an extraordinary manner. However, there is slightly one downside in the overall handling of the customers, especially when delivered their orders.

Visa Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Visa Inc - Research Paper Example Visa Inc. (2011) is a company that was founded from the simple idea of digital currency, but had managed to connect millions of businesses, consumers, financial institutions, and even governments to each other in the short while that it has been operating. It allows its customers, in over 200 countries (Visa Inc, 2011) and areas to replace their cash and check transactions to digital transactions. It has a separate network named VisaNet (Visa Inc, 2011) for financial institution clients. VisaNet is a central and modular payments network that offers three important services of â€Å"risk management services, information services and transaction processing services† (Visa Inc, 2011) all together in one package. Furthermore, VisaNet (Visa Inc, 2011) is constantly working on ways to improve their service, so that people can utilize the method of electronic payments for several more purposes and in more places, because of the network size and payment expertise. This enterprise also provides financial institutions with recognized payment products, which they use to provide â€Å"cash-access, prepaid, debit and credit programs to customers of all types† (Visa Inc, 2011), people as well as state owned and private businesses. This company is the owner of the Visa brand, with their customers crossing several millions and with 1.8 million ATMs distributed worldwide amongst several countries and regions (Visa Inc, 2011). This company remains a frontrunner amongst all electronic transaction companies since the start of its operations. It initialized with credit cards and moved on to offer mobile payments and neural networks, being one of the first companies worldwide to offer such services, thus always remaining updated and developed in an already rapidly changing industry. Considering the large contribution of Visa’s payment platforms to global commerce, its support to all its customers seems invaluable. Visa Inc. (2011) itself does not deal directly with customers in terms of issuing cards or

Sedimentary or metamorphic rocks and engineering issues Essay

Sedimentary or metamorphic rocks and engineering issues - Essay Example der, 2001).   Given the ability of engineers to measure all these, an emphasis on the latter is quite important in order to provide insight that would at least help in reducing earthquake intensities in the society. Particularly, the understanding of sedimentary rocks and their contribution to earthquakes intensities is necessary. To start with, earthquake shaking starts from the rupturing fault and then continues at other distances away from the fault. Earthquake shaking intensity is supposed to decrease as the distance from the rupturing fault decreases. However, it has been observed that shaking in one site is sometimes stronger than shaking in another site. Sometimes, this shaking can be ten times higher or stronger than shaking in another site (Ammon, 1997). Geologists have come up with information relating sedimentary rocks with earthquake shaking intensities. Geologists argue that shaking is always high in areas of softer rocks. In addition, shaking is amplified in areas of thicker sediments compared to areas of thin sediments. As it has been observed, the major reason why sedimentary rocks are associated with shaking intensities is because they are soft (Denecke & Series, 2003). An explanation of the relationship between sedimentary rocks and earthquakes shows that seismic waves’ speed is much higher in hard rocks when compared to sedimentary rocks. This is because the latter are soft as it has been explained earlier. In areas with different rock types, waves tend to pass through harder rocks to the softer rocks, they slow down. However, in order to carry the same energy carried in the hard rocks, they tend to get bigger than before. Therefore, shaking at sites that have soft rock layers is stronger since the seismic waves tend to move slowly as shown in Figure 1 and 2 (SCEC, 2014). The loss of life and properties associated with earthquake intensities can actually be controlled by avoiding buildings in area of soft sedimentary rocks. If this is not

A Light Emitting Diode Engineering Essay

A Light Emitting Diode Engineering Essay A Light-Emitting Diode in essence is a P-N junction solid-state semiconductor diode that emits light when a current is applied though the device.[1] By scientific definition, it is a solid-state device that controls current without the deficiency of having heated filaments. How does a LED work? White LEDs ordinarily need 3.6 Volts of Direct Current (DC) and use approximately 30 milliamps (mA) of current and has a power dissipation of approximately 100 milliwatts (mW). The positive power is connected to one side of the LED semiconductor through the anode and a whisker and the other side of the semiconductor is attached to the top of the anvil or the negative power lead (cathode). It is the chemical composition or makeup of the LED semiconductor that determines the color of the light that the LED produces as well as the intensity level. The epoxy resin enclosure allows most of the light to escape from the elements and protects the LED making it virtually indestructible. Furthermore, a light-emitting diode does not have any moving parts, which makes the device extremely resistant to damage due to vibration and shocks. These characteristics make it ideal for purposes that demand reliability and strength. LEDs therefore can be deemed invulnerable to catastrophic failure when operated within design parameters. Figure 1 shows a typical traditional indicator LED. Traditional indicator LEDs utilize a small LED semiconductor chip that is mounted on a reflector cup also known as the anvil, on a lead-frame (whisker).This whole configuration is encased in epoxy which also serves the purpose of a lens. LEDs have very high thermal resistance with upwards of 200K per Watt. LEDs are highly monochromatic, only emitting a single pure color in a narrow frequency range. The color emitted from an LED is identified by peak wavelength (lpk) which is measured in nanometers (nm). The peak wavelength is a function of the material that is used in the manufacturing of the semiconductor.[3] Most LEDs are produced using gallium-based crystals that differ in one or more additional materials such as phosphorous to produce distinct colors. Different LED chip technologies enable manufacturers to produce LEDs that emit light in a specific region of the visible light spectrum and replicate different intensity levels. Thus, one would vary the material used in the production of LEDs in order to obtain the desired results. The graph below depicts the variation in response time for the specific wavelength of light. Principle Mechanism The essential portion of the Light Emitting Diode is the semiconductor chip. Semiconductors can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic semiconductors are those in which the electrical behavior is based on the electronic structure inherent to the pure material.[5] When the electrical characteristics are dictated by impurity atoms, the semiconductor is said to be extrinsic.[6] See Appendix A for further information regarding the different materials and their characteristics. This chip is further divided into two parts or regions which are separated by a boundary called a junction. The p-region is dominated by positive electric charges (holes) and the n-region is dominated by negative electric charges (electrons). The junction serves as a barrier to the flow of the electrons between the p and the n-regions. This is somewhat similar to the role of the band-gap because it determines how much voltage is needed to be applied to the semiconductor chip before the current can flow and the electrons pass the junction into the p-region. In general, to achieve higher momentum states (with higher velocities), there must be an empty energy state into which the electron may be excited. (In other words, to achieve a net flow of electrons in one direction, some electrons must change their wave vectors thereby increasing their energy.) [8] Band-gaps determine how much energy is needed for the electron to jump from the valence band to the conduction band. As an electron in the conduction band recombines with a hole in the valence band, the electron makes a transition to a lower-lying energy state and releases energy in an amount equal to the band-gap energy. This energy is released in photons. Normally the energy heats the material. In an LED this energy goes into emitted infrared or visible light. If a large enough electric potential difference (voltage) is absent, across the anode and cathode, the junction serves as an electric potential barrier to the flow of electrons. When sufficient voltage is applied across the chip of the LED, the electron has enough driving force to move in one direction over the junction that separates the p-region and the n-region. The p-region (holes) is where the positive charge forms the majority of charges. (Implicitly, there are also negative charges but they are the minority).Vice versa for the n-region. The electrons from the n-region basically flow across the junction into the p-region. In the p-region, the electrons are attracted to the positive charges due the mutual Columbic forces of attraction between opposite charges of same magnitude. Thus recombination occurs. After every successful recombination, electric potential energy is transformed into electromagnetic energy. This releases a quantum electromagnetic energy that is emitted in the form of a photon of light with frequencies characteristic of the semiconductor that was used in the process. These photons have specific wavelengths thus specific colors according to the different materials used. Therefore, different compositions of the chemical elements used in the manufacturing of the semiconductor results in different colors emitted as well as different energies needed to light them. The electrical energy is in proportion to the voltage required to enable the electrons to flow across the p-n junction. Predominantly, LEDs emit light of a single color. Application There are various materials that are used in the manufacturing of Light Emitting Diodes. Most of the materials are gallium-based crystals and are used in high-brightness applications. Gallium is a minor metal noted by its low melting point of 29.8  °C, the name being derived from Gallia, the Latin for France, which was where it was discovered. [14] Among these include AlGaAs (Aluminum-Gallium-Arsenide), a semiconductor that typically generates the red spectrum, often used in signs, displays and electronic equipment. InGaAlP(Indium-Gallium-Aluminum-Phosphide) produces the yellow-green wavelength to red are often used in signs, auto interior as well as exterior, traffic signals and cellphones.[ 15] InGaN (Indium-Gallium-Nitride) typically generates Blue, Green and white spectrums and are used most often in full color signs, cell-phones, auto interior, traffic signals.[16]. Furthermore, there is room for further improvement on the design of traffic lights. The visible light from the LEDs in a traffic light can further be modulated and encoded with information. Hence, it can be used for the broadcasting of audio messages or any traffic or road information. Essentially, all LED traffic lights can be used as communications devices. [17] InGaN LEDs too has been made the light source of choice for many diagnostic and photo-therapy applications from the Ultra-violet to the near Infrared. [18] Light-emitting diodes (LED) emit light in proportion to the forward current through the diode. Light Emitting Diodes are the cutting edge technology of lighting today. Generally, Light Emitting Diodes are categorized according to their performance. The performance of a LED is linked to a few primary characteristics of the LED itself which includes color, peak wavelength and intensity. As LEDs are highly monochromatic, LEDs are differentiated according to their peak wavelength. Peak wavelength is a function of the LED chip material. Although manufacturing process variations produce a standard deviation of  ±10nm, nevertheless, these variations are perceptible to the human eye because the 565nm to 600nm wavelength spectral region (yellow to amber) is where the sensitivity level of the human eye is at its peak. [19] See Appendix B for details on the different semiconductor types as well as characteristics of those semiconductors. The light output of a specific LED varies with the type of chip, encapsulation and efficiency of individual wafer lots. There may be other random variables that may affect the performance of the LED too. This typically is categorized into the nuisance variable factor and is taken into account as the error margin. Many LED manufacturers use different terms such as super-bright, and ultra-bright to describe LED intensity. However, such terminology is entirely subjective, as there really is no industry standard for LED brightness. Luminous intensity is roughly proportional to the amount of current (I) supplied to the LED. The greater the current, the higher the intensity.[20] Nevertheless, luminous intensity (Iv) does not represent the total light output from an LED. Both the luminous intensity and the spatial radiation pattern (viewing angle) must be taken into account. If two LEDs have the same luminous intensity value, the lamp with the larger viewing angle will have the higher total light output. Overall visibility can be enhanced by increasing the number of LED chips in the encapsulation, increasing the number of individual LEDs, as well as utilizing secondary optics to distribute light. To illustrate, consider similar red GaAlAs LED chip technology in four different configurations: In each individual case, the amount of visible light depends on the application of the LED as well as how the LED is being viewed. The single chip setup may be suitable for direct viewing in contrast with high ambient lighting. The 6-chip may be more suitable as a backlight to a switch or small legend, while the cluster or lensed LED design may best be used to illuminate a pilot light or larger lens. In this millennium, Light Emitting Diodes or LEDs are making major inroads into a lot of industries. In the past, filament bulbs like incandescent and halogen lamps dominated and were the main source of lighting. Today, in the automotive industry, we see cars with LEDs for taillights and instrument panels. Why the switch to the new technology? Among the reasons why include the longevity of the LED itself. It lasts on average 20,000 hours for a 15-Watt traffic light in comparison to 1000 hours for typical filament bulbs.[23] Generally, LEDs are designed to operate upwards of 100,000 hours. This greatly supercedes the standard incandescent bulb with an average lifespan of about 5000 hours.LEDs too are low voltage devices that respond almost instantaneously to changes in current (~10Mhz).[24] This would entail better safety for motorists on the road. Costs of maintenance of the vehicle would too decrease as replacements of the lighting fixtures need not be done as often. With such fast reponse times, LEDs used as an unbiased photodiode, exhibits a non-linear power dependent response that also can be used for sensitive detection and characterization of mode-locked femtosecond and picosecond laser pulses. [25] In the electronic industry, we have LEDs for lighting of almost everything. The ergonomic flat-panel computer screens otherwise known as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are also in essence miniature LED clusters. The introduction of LCDs marks another milestone in development in the hi-tech industry. Displays now can be made that use less power as well as emit much less radiation in comparison with the traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) display. According to Keith Robinson for Frost Sullivan, The light emitting diode (LED) market, especially the visible LED (VLED) market, is poised to experience explosive growth once economic conditions improve in North America. The most significant technology improvement that has taken place in the last 10 years for LEDs is the introduction of blue and blue-green LEDs. The nitride-based LEDs have opened new opportunities for manufacturers of lighting products, such as traffic signal manufacturers and outdoor signboard manufacturers. The increased use of the new colors in consumer products and automotive applications is expected to have a positive impact on the market. [26] Manufacturers have always been striving to replicate colors as accurately as possible. This is has always been the holy grail for the display industry. LEDs have made this a reality. Typical incandescent bulbs cannot replicate the vivid colors that can be reproduced using LEDs. LEDs give pure saturated colors with up to 130% more gamut compared to standard NTSC specifications.[27] Take the reproduction of white light. When light from all parts of the visible spectrum overlap one another, the additive mixture of colors appears white. However, the eye does not require a mixture of all the colors of the spectrum to perceive white light. Primary colors from the upper, middle, and lower parts of the spectrum (red, green, and blue), when combined, appear white. To achieve this combination with LEDs requires a sophisticated electro-optical design to control the blend and diffusion of colors. Variations in LED color and intensity further complicate this process. Presently, it is possible to produce white light with a single LED using a phosphor layer (Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) on the surface of a blue (Gallium Nitride) chip.[28] Although this technology produces various hues, white LEDs may be appropriate to illuminate opaque lenses or backlight legends. However, using colored LEDs to illuminate similarly colored lenses produces better visibility and overall appearance in comparison with CRTs. Moreover, LEDs are not deficient in the reliability department. LEDs are solid state devices with no moving parts as well as no fragile glass or filaments. LEDs too use up to 90% less energy in comparison with conventional bulbs and lamps today.[29] Today a LED flashlight may last up to 200% longer with the same batteries used to operate conventional filament flashlights. [30] Furthermore, LEDs are environmental friendly because they contain no mercury and since they last longer (about 100,000 continuous hours of life); there will be less disposal waste in the environment. This in turn would result is less pollution and less wastage of our precious and limited resources. LEDs also form the foundation for applications in optical-fiber communication and diode lasers. They produce a narrow spectrum of coherent red or infrared light that can be well collimated. This characteristic of the light produced by LEDs has enabled engineers to manipulate the setup to enable data transfer. This has made it possible for continents to be linked via the internet. Information can be sent across the globe in a matter of fractions of a second and vast chunks of data can be transmitted without a hitch. With the improvement of infrastructure, the benefits extend also to the general populace. Before we had modems that used coaxial copper cables, today we have T1 to T3 connections which utilize fiber optics. Most institutions, organizations and companies that require the use of large bandwidths of data have such connections. Take for example, San Jose State University, it utilizes several T3 connections to the internet and has T1 connections locally across campus to alleviate data congestion. In this way, data is made readily available to those hungry for knowledge. Conclusion Light Emitting Diodes has such a profound impact on society. It affects our daily lives as well as activities. It is used in so many applications and so many places. With Light Emitting Diodes, so many significant improvements to already existing technology could be made. Historically the LED market has experienced signal digit growth of about 8.5 percent. The laser diode market has experienced double-digit growth in the past of approximately 30.0 percent and once economic conditions improve it is anticipated that the market will experience strong growth rates once again. [31] As this technology expands, so does our horizon and our conquest for the betterment of todays technology. Light Emitting Diodes truly is a great invention of the age.

The Red Room by H.G. Wells Essay -- Red Room Wells Essays

The Red Room by H.G. Wells The title 'The Red Room' immediately attracts the reader's attention; it is symbolic but leaves unanswered questions. ?What is the red room Is this room dangerous? Overall the title raises so much curiosity wanting us to read on and find answers to our questions. Red is a very strong colour and is generally associated with blood, danger, warning, hell, and above all, fear, the title also shows the setting of the story. It makes you wonder why the room is called the red room and if it is actually red. The Red Room contains all the elements of a ghost story; the story is written to illustrate the nature of fear and is an insight into how it affects the human mind. This story contains all the features of a 19th century novel; it is set in an old derelict house, it involves moving through dark passages, and it involves a ghost/haunted room. It also contains all the features of a good short story. It has an effective opening, a realistic setting, a limited number of believable characters and has a plot with a clear conflict, a plot that builds suspense, excitement, and the plot has a twist at the end. The story is structured to create and sustain suspense, from the very beginning right through to the climax of the story where the man is overcome by total darkness. The Red Room is based upon the myths concerning a haunted room within an old derelict castle. The story is told in first person, which makes it very personal and allows the reader to feel as if he/she were there. It is about a young man who volunteers to go and stay overnight in the ?Red Room?. The room is known to be haunted and there are many myths and legends about death that are brought up during the story.... ... when his fear has taken his sense of reasoning and he tries to leave the room and accidently knocks him out. When he finally wakes up the next morning he realises that there was nothing supernatural about the room but only peoples fear of the unknown. The story keeps the reader guessing right up to the end of the story. The answer is not particularly clear and does not provide the reader with a final, conclusive answer. This keeps the reader wondering about the story after he/she has read it. The story reveals that there is no ghost in the room, just one man?s battle with fear: ?There is no ghost at all; but worse, far worse?Fear!? This makes you question whether he would have injured himself if he had not been told about the ghost story at all by the old people. This still gives a sense of mystery about the room after the answer has been given.

Different Approaches in The Wisdom of Teams

Jon R. Katzenbach is a director of McKinsey & Company, Inc., where he has served the senior executives of leading companies for over thirty years. His experience includes work with both public and private sector clients from the industrial, financial, and consumer industries. He has also served a variety of nonprofit institutions. He specializes in issues involving corporate governance, organization, and leadership. Douglas K. Smith is a former consultant at McKinsey & Company, Inc., who today is a leading commentator on organizational performance and change. Simply, teams outperform people working alone. This is especially true when the performance requires multiple skills, judgements, and experiences. Consultants or former consultants of large consulting firms wrote the Wisdom of Teams. The Wisdom of Teams authors have roots at McKinsey. A consulting firm based out of Dallas Texas. The authors have spent considerable time working with teams, studying them and are now using their books to impart that knowledge to those seeking to form, develop and facilitate successful teams in their organizations. However, the two books take very different approaches. Teams are one of the catchwords of the 90's. And with them has come an explosion of literature telling us what teams are and what they are not; how to create them, measure them, use them and empower them. A new vocabulary has emerged that distinguishes work groups from work teams, and self-directed teams from all other teams. Some of the essential lessons learned about teams and team performance are: – Teams do not arise without a perforce challenge that is meaningful to those involved. – Real team†s results will be greater if the leaders aim their sights on preference. – Biases toward individualism cannot interfere with the team†s goals. The Wisdom of Teams presents lessons learned from the success and failure of actual teams. The authors base their wisdom on personal experience along with extensive interviews conducted with 50 different businesses. Katzenbach and Smith's lessons are supported by case studies. â€Å"Real† teams are the focus of the book. According to Katzenbach and Smith, a â€Å"real† team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. These elements of a team — purpose, performance goals, common approach to work and mutual accountability — define what teams are and how they should be managed. Teams are distinguished from work groups in that the work they perform is collective as opposed to the sum of individual contributions, leadership roles are shared, and the team does real work together that result in a specific product or service being delivered. This distinction is important, because the focus of the book is on what teams are, what it takes to become a team and how to exploit the potential of successful teams. The authors also present useful guidelines for determining when to use a team and when to use a work group. Teams are not presented as an organizational ideal. In fact, Katzenbach and Smith encourage looking at the organization's goals and policies to determine if a team or work group is the best choice. Their bias is that teams are worth the trouble where they support organizational goals. In their view, the potential of teams is unlimited and cultivating real teams is one of the best ways of upgrading the overall performance of an organization. Katzenbach and Smith's advice is simple, straightforward, and practical. They look at teams in an organizational context. Certain elements are critical to team success. The organization needs to have or develop a strong â€Å"performance ethic.† In other words, compelling clear purposes and performance standards need to be an important part of the organization's culture. According to Katzenbach and Smith, performance, not chemistry, shapes teams. â€Å"Real† teams emerge when the individuals in them take risks involving conflict, trust, interdependence, and hard work. Making conflict constructive by developing ways to handle differences and concerns and molding them into common goals is when real teams emerge. The authors suggest achieving this by establishing urgency and clear direction in teams, selecting members based on skill balance, not personality, and with opportunities to learn from each other. Establishing clear start-up rules for behavior and seizing upon a few immediate performance-oriented tasks that are challenging but achievable also help teams develop. Spending lots of time together and giving positive feedback are key. The authors describe the senior management team as the hardest to establish they present this as a fact of organizational life that can be addressed. Their solution: start by creating a strong senior management work group and go from there. Many successful organizations using teams have them. The authors are also realists. The difficulty teams may face such as lack of management direction is described with suggestions for addressing them. Finally, and maybe most importantly, Katzenbach and Smith are optimists. They believe that most people are able to lead. Leaders need to provide guidance and give up control and most importantly believe in the team and put them first. It is that attitude, belief in the team, that is the most important characteristic of a leader. They conclude that a strong performance ethic leads to the pursuit of common performance results that benefit customers, shareholders, and employees. An overemphasis on any one area creates distortions that lead to turf battles and politics. Managers must demand and then relentlessly support pursuit of performance by teams. This clear simple model can easily be applied to any type of organization. All of this advice is offered while keeping jargon to a minimum. In fact, the book starts by acknowledging what we all know creating change in an organization can be difficult. Yet, The Wisdom of Teams provides simple strategies, to analyze organizational readiness, and alternatives that will get your organization closer to a real team environment. It outlines the basics elements of team and then offers techniques for sticking to them to achieve success. You do not need to be a process consultant to make teams work in Katzenbach and Smith's world. In addition, this is the book's greatest strength. While the advice offered is good, the book could be much more concise and easier to read. Many of the points are redundant. This is a good book for the beginner, who wants to understand the issues.

Reactions in Water or Aqueous Solution

Reactions in Water or Aqueous Solution Several types of reactions occur in water. When water is the solvent for a reaction, the reaction is said to occur in aqueous solution, which is denoted by the abbreviation (aq) following the name of a chemical species in a reaction. Three important types of reactions in water are precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction reactions. Precipitation Reactions In a precipitation reaction, an anion and a cation contact each other and an insoluble ionic compound precipitate out of solution. For example, when aqueous solutions of silver nitrate, AgNO3, and salt, NaCl, are mixed, the Ag and Cl- combine to yield a white precipitate of silver chloride, AgCl: Ag(aq) Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s) Acid-Base Reactions For example, when hydrochloric acid, HCl, and sodium hydroxide, NaOH, are mixed, the H reacts with the OH- to form water: H(aq) OH-(aq) → H2O HCl acts as an acid by donating H ions or protons and NaOH acts as a base, furnishing OH- ions. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions In an oxidation-reduction or redox reaction, there is an exchange of electrons between two reactants. The species that loses electrons is said to be oxidized. The species that gains electrons are said to be reduced. An example of a redox reaction occurs between a hydrochloric acid and zinc metal, where the Zn atoms lose electrons and are oxidized to form Zn2 ions: Zn(s) → Zn2(aq) 2e- The H ions of the HCl gain electrons and are reduced to H atoms, which combine to form H2 molecules: 2H(aq) 2e- → H2(g) The overall equation for the reaction becomes: Zn(s) 2H(aq) → Zn2(aq) H2(g) Two important principles apply when writing balanced equations for reactions between species in a solution: The balanced equation only includes the species that participate in forming products. For example, in the reaction between AgNO3 and NaCl, the NO3- and Na ions were not involved in the precipitation reaction and were not included in the balanced equation.The total charge must be the same on both sides of a balanced equation. Note that the total charge can be zero or non-zero, as long as it is the same on both the reactants and products sides of the equation.

Infection and its prevention Essay Example

Infection and its prevention Essay Example Infection and its prevention Essay Infection and its prevention Essay Infection and its prevention have been a prime concern of mankind for a long time. Infection is a condition that results when a microorganism is able to invade the body, multiply and cause injurious effect or diseases. (McCall Tankersley, 2007:71) Infection control therefore refers to policies and procedures used to minimize the risk of spreading infections, especially in hospitals and human or animal health care facilities. The purpose of this is to reduce the occurrence of infectious diseases. The aim of this essay is to look at how infection control and the theatre environment impact on a patient undergoing surgery. The first part of the essay looks at infection control in the hospital setting in general; touching on issues such as hospital acquired infection like Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium Difficile (CD). Then the essay delves into the design of the surgical theatre and how it impacts on patients; it further talks about surgical etiquette placing much emphasis on hand washing as this is the first defence in preventing transmission of pathogen (Radford et al, 2004). Finally a conclusion is drawn on all the issues raised and their impact on the patient undergoing surgery. In the past, surgery would have been performed in a convenient location such as the patients home or a hospital ward with only basic infection control in place (Essex-Lopresti 1999). In Phillips (2004) describes the process for preparing the room as rudimentary, amounting to little more than removing furniture and non essential items and boiling linen, perhaps fumigation if time allows. Today, most surgery takes place in operating theatres that are specially designed for that purpose. There are two types of infection, the endogenous and exogenous infection. Endogenous infection occurs when microorganisms that normally exist harmlessly in one part of an individual to become pathogen, whereas exogenous infection happens when microorganisms from other source or from other person, object, animal or the environment (Woodhead 2005). Infection control refers to policies and procedures used to minimise the risk of spreading infection especially in hospitals. Nosocomial or hospital acquired infection (HAI) occur in approximately 5% of all hospital patients. The longer a patient stays in hospital, the higher the risk of getting HAI and sometimes even leading to death. There are many reasons why patients infected with HAI: Firstly weak immune system which makes them more vulnerable to infection due to patient sickness or treatment. Secondly, infection agent can be introduced to the patient by medical procedures and thirdly, on admission with infectable disease agent, patient can transfer diseases to a patient or patient to staff or visitor (Jones, 2008). HAI has, over the past few years dominated the media with its coverage of the superbugs, in particular MRSA and CD. A HAI or nosocomial is that which is acquired or develops as a result of treatment while the patient hospitalised for more than 48 hours and who did not have signs and symptoms of such infection on admission. Radford et al (2004) cited the research of Emmerson et al (1996) 9% of patients admitted to hospital acquire HAI from surgical wound infection after hospital discharge. MRSA has the ability to resist to one or more conventional antibiotics. Study suggests many people are carriers of MRSA but are colonised in their nose or back of their throats and on their normal flora. Report from BBC news (2005) stated that about 100,000 get infected with MRSA each year when they get admitted into hospital. The only way health care workers can reduce this infection is; a good hand washing between patients, a good standard hygiene in hospital and patients with MRSA treated in a highly isolated as much as possible. The operating theatre is designed in accordance by national and processional guidelines as described by Woodhead et al (2005). Each department is divided into three zones, the outer or dirty zone which is unrestricted area where normal clothing can be worn; it contains the entrance to changing areas and usually has access to remove theatre waste. The clean or semi-restricted zones are the staff changing rooms, anaesthetic and recovery rooms and sterile supplies. Access is restricted and all personnel and patients have to wear theatre attire. There is exception sometimes to patients that need support, such as children, mental ill patients or translators to the anaesthetic room. The sterile or restricted zones include the operating theatre, preparation rooms and the scrub areas. Surgical attire and possible masks will need to be worn at all times (Davey Ince 2004). Sterile areas should avoid overcrowding by theatre staff to reduce the risk of accidental contamination to sterile instruments and layout. To reduce airborne contamination, movement of staff and patient should be kept to a minimum. This helps to reduce airborne bacteria from entering the operating theatre (Woodhead 2005). Ventilation, temperature, humidity and airborne contamination have an important role in the design of a good operating theatre. In order to control the movement of air, the operating department requires specialised ventilation system. Usually the system employed in ventilating modern operating departments are laminar airflow (LAF) technology and positive pressure (PP) systems; these are in theory designed to reduce surgical site infections. The theatre is particularly arranged in a way so that air pressure is filtered moving air from clean to less clean areas and this continues when the theatre room is not in use. This is in place to reduce the airborne contamination, reduce expired anaesthetic gases and to control temperature and humidity, thus reducing and minimising bacterial growth. Adequate ventilation in theatre can be achieved by properly closing theatre doors, windows are well sealed, ceiling solid and the floor impermeable to washable material with no gaps or cracks and cove red joints where it meets the wall. Also shelving should be kept to a minimum (Weaving P, et al 2008). In orthopaedic theatre the air is ultraclean. These system are used when the risk and consequences to developing infection are greater. Ultra clean air, provided by the laminar flow systems, is designed to move particle free air over the aseptic operating field in one direction; it can be in vertically or horizontally sweeping away particle in its path. These canopies have the capacity to provide up to 400 to 500 air change per hour and can reduce the incidents of surgical site infection ,so together with good practice and the use of prophylactic antibiotics, the impact of surgery upon the patient should be favourable (Woodhead et al 2005) . 37à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C and high humidity is the optional where most bacteria reproduce, to keep a theatre room free from bacteria the temperature should be between 20 to 24oc and humidified air levels of 50 to60%, this help to suppress bacteria growth, also help create a good impact upon the surgical patient, as infection rates are considerably lower (Davey and Ince 2004). Infants, children and burnt patient need a warmer temperature to avoid hypothermia, therefore each operating theatre have its own controls for regulating the temperature (Mangum 2001). There are two types of lighting found in theatre, the laminar lighting used to light the operating theatre and auxiliary and the surgical lighting. Both harbour microorganisms on it surfaces due to the movement and activities of staff in the operating theatre (Phillips 2004). This should be clean regularly to reduce the risk of infection. The theatre must be damp dusted before the first case of the day, and it is essential to clean and disinfect all contaminated areas of the theatre at the end of each case (Mangum, 2001) Infection control as defined earlier as policies and procedures use to minimize the risk of spreading infection, staff do not always go by this policies and guidelines. For example policies on air movement in the department, normally doors between the anaesthetic room and theatre are mostly left open by staff therefore affecting the positive pressure from working effectively. Staff need constant trainings and made aware of updated policies. These measures will help to control infection. According to Woodhead et al (2005), 300 million skin squames are shed per day and about 10% of this have microorganisms of which smaller particles stay as airborne for some hours. Some big particles may rest on work surfaces, furniture and equipment. 37% of airborne microbial contamination can be reduced if in every 3 minutes air is changed in the theatre. Different type of waste should be separated and disposed of in the right way. All waste known, or considered to cause disease in humans or other living organisms is considered infectious waste (DH, 2006). In the authors trust yellow is the colour coding for clinical waste which can cause a risk of infection or can be hazardous. Green bags for the linens. All waste bags should not be more than three quarters full (Davey Ince, 2004) and it is the duty of the staff to ensure that and dispose off in the appropriate manner to meet the requirement of the control of substances hazardous to health regulation (COSHH). Maintaining a safe and clean environment is essential for a good impact upon surgical patients, but staff themselves can be a source of microbial contaminated (Green et al, 2003). Staffs are screened by their occupational health department. They are annually screened for such infections as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B.; this screening is mandatory and is design to protect patients from exposure from infected staff. Microorganisms are shed from exposed skin, hair and mucus membranes, so to achieve a sterile field and to reduce infection for both patients and staff; staff need to wear appropriate clothing, prepare patients, use sterile equipment and eliquette during surgery. According to Radford et al (2004), every staff working within the theatre context needs to change into suit and trousers as classed as personal protective equipment (PPE) made from cotton fabric to reduce skin cells to the surroundings. Other PPE such as footwear, mask, eye protection etc. are also worn by staff as an infection control measure during surgery. Hospital Acquired Infections may not be eradicated but many outbreaks can be prevented through effective hand washing. Transient microorganisms are easily removed during hand washing therefore it is one of the most important procedures to prevent the spread of infection (Woodhead Wicker 2005). Hand antisepsis started in the 1860 by Joseph Lister. He realised decay is caused by microorganism and it can be prevented by disinfecting the clinical environment and all equipment with carbolic acid. It also included staff having their hands washed in a solution of 5% carbolic acid before undertaking surgery. Other development on surgical hand antisepsis occurred including scrubbing the hands and arms with a brush where the term scrub comes from. Also introduction of alcohol rubs in the late 1990s which contain antiseptic agent such as chlorehexidine gluconate alcohol solution which when rubbed on the hands does not need rinsing (Tanner 2008). Hand washing takes place before and after patient contact, following removal of protective clothing, immediately following contamination with blood or body fluids and after handling contaminated or potentially contaminated articles (Davey and Ince 2004, p39). This hand washing is a form of standard precautions for all staff to practice since staff cannot tell which patient is contaminated; therefore it is one of the most important procedures to prevent the spread of infection. Healthcare workers handling patient with their catheter, bed linen, wound, disposal of linen and waste come in contact with microorganisms. Also staff or practitioners caring for MRSA patients can have the pathogen on their skin for a few hours, this means it can transfer to another patient or staff easily. During these times, hand washing is vital to help stop the spread of infection. Surgical hand scrubbing gets rid of transient microorganisms which help to minimise the number of resident microorganisms in the recent study of Tanner 2008. Before hand scrub, all jewellery with the exception of single plain band must be removed. False nails and nail polish is not acceptable, since they harbour pathogens as studied by Heddewick et al (2000). Aqueous antiseptic solution such as Chlorhexidine gluconate and providone-iodine are efficient in removing transient organisms and reducing resident organisms to a safe level. Frequent hand wash minimise a low bacterial count under gloves which is accepted by all healthcare workers. To start effective hand scrub, temperature of the water must be checked; also arms and hands must be wet before applying anti-microbial solution. The hands and arms are washed from fingertips to the elbows and hands are held higher than elbows in order to prevent microorganisms dropping back to the fingertips. There is no agreed time for how long a surgical hand wash should last, but between 2 5 minutes have been vouched for by most researchers as enough and effective. Hands should be properly dry. Alcohol based hand rubs are also effective for use between patient contact. When used, the right technique should be employed to ensure it covers the relevant areas and left to dry (Woodhead et al 2005). Sterile gowns are worn after hand scrub to prevent bacteria from scrub staff to the surroundings or operating site, thus reducing surgical side infection (SSI) (Radford et al ,2004). Gloves must be put on using the closed gloving technique, not touched by the staff members bare hands. During orthopaedic operation, double gloving is recommended as any perforations will be highlighted and sterility will not be compromised. Surgical instrument and sterile equipment are prepared in the preparation room just before use, thus minimising the risk of contamination from airborne microbes. Patients are then positioned on to the table before a scrub nurse wheels the trolley into the operating area (Davey and Ince, 2004). A patients skin around the incision site is disinfected to reduce the number of bacteria present so as to reduce the risk of endogenous infections. The most effective antiseptic are those which are alcohol based. This has to be left on the skin to evaporate before draping begins (Weaving et al, 2008). The rationale behind this is to reduce the natural flora from getting into the incision and avoiding the patient contracting SSI. The rest of the patient is covered by draping which comes in disposable or reusable; this is to provide a sterile field in which the operating team can work without risk of contaminating themselves or the instrument. Draping start from the incision site working out towards the peripheries and should not be removed until dressing applied and surgery completed (Radford et al, 2004). Infection can not be totally eliminated and has serious consequences for the patient; however the risk of contracting infection can be reduced by adhering to infection control procedures and policies such as effective hand washing, wearing the appropriate personal protecting equipment. The design of the operating department also plays an important role in the success of controlling infection. Ventilation system needs to be working effectively to achieve its use; temperature and humidity parameters need constant checking. The continuous education of staff about theatre policies and regular update of the policies will go a long way to help reduce infection in theatre.